It was called ‘complement’ because it aided the antibacterial activity of antibodies. However, it is now known that the complement system can be activated early in an infection without the presence of ...

Humoral PRMs and the complement system are indispensable immune defense factors and are the first line of defense against danger signals. However, the roles of humoral PRMs have been fairly ...

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS), the complement system and the kallikrein–kinin system (KKS) each consists of a large number of distinct plasma and membrane-bound proteins and receptors that can ...

Among people with sickle cell disease—an inherited blood disorder—acute chest syndrome (ACS) is the leading cause of death. The condition is the result of red blood cells becoming stiff, sticky, and ...