Most modern American homes didn't have air conditioning until the 1960s. Before then, people had to cool off in other ways.

This useful study presents a virtual reality-based contextual fear conditioning paradigm for head-fixed mice. Solid evidence supports the claim that the reported methods provide a reliable paradigm ...

Architect and Researcher with a Master's Degree in "Architecture and Urbanism" from the Architectural Association, London. Interested in housing, culture, semiotics, social boundaries of space, and ...

This valuable study shows that distinct midbrain dopaminergic axons in the medial prefrontal cortex respond to aversive and rewarding stimuli and suggest that they are biased toward aversive ...

Conditioning, extinction, and reinstatement are fundamental learning processes of animal adaptation, also strongly involved in human pathologies such as post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, ...

In today’s world, indirect exposure to threatening situations is more common than ever, as illustrated by footage of terror and disaster in social media. How do ...

The cerebellar cortex is necessary for adaptively timed conditioned responses (CRs) in eyeblink conditioning. During conditioning, Purkinje cells acquire pause responses or “Purkinje cell CRs” to the ...

Research on Pavlovian fear conditioning has been very successful in revealing what has come to be called the brain’s fear system. The field has now matured to the point where a sharper ...

Operant conditioning is a learning method that employs rewards and punishments for behavior. It involves forming an association between a behavior and its consequences. Whether that consequence is ...

Much emphasis has been placed on the use of activities at the begin-ning of a course to provide opportunities for introductions, begin to create a comfortable classroom atmosphere to encourage ...

Some of the clearest evidence on the localization of memory within the mammalian brain has come from studies of associative learning, especially through the use of classical or Pavlovian conditioning, ...