Pulmonary embolism accounts for 10–15% of all paediatric venous thromboembolism (VTE) events, with an annual incidence of 0·14–0·9 per 100 000 children.1,2 Although rare, pulmonary embolism is a ...

Abstract: To address high dynamics, strong uncertainty, and decision-dimensional explosion in air combat, this paper constructs a PPO-based hierarchical tactical decision-making algorithm (PHT-PPO) ...

Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is central to aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) in reasoning tasks with verifiable rewards. However, standard token-level PPO struggles in this setting due to ...

Alibaba's Qwen team has developed a new training algorithm for reasoning models that assigns different weights to individual tokens based on how much each step influences the subsequent chain of ...

The path planning capability of autonomous robots in complex environments is crucial for their widespread application in the real world. However, long-term decision-making and sparse reward signals ...

Code for reproducing the results in the VinePPO paper. This codebase also provides performant implementation (leveraging vLLM as inference engine*) of popular RL and RL-free baselines (such as PPO, ...

Researchers have demonstrated that brain cells learn faster and carry out complex networking more effectively than machine learning by comparing how both a Synthetic Biological Intelligence (SBI) ...

Researchers have demonstrated that brain cells learn faster and carry out complex networking more effectively than machine learning by comparing how both a Synthetic Biological Intelligence (SBI) ...

Melbourne, Australia - 12 August 2025 - Researchers have demonstrated that brain cells learn faster and carry out complex networking more effectively than machine learning by comparing how both a ...