The model equations are as follows. $$ \begin{align*} \dfrac{\mathrm dS}{\mathrm dt} &= -\frac{\beta c S I}{N}, \\ \dfrac{\mathrm dI}{\mathrm dt} &= \frac{\beta c S I ...

This study centers on incorporating memory effects (the impact of past events on current states) into mathematical models for population dynamics. It introduces a framework based on the gamma ...

For over 100 y, the scientific community has adhered to a paradigm, introduced by Riemann and furthered by Helmholtz and Schrodinger, where perceptual color space is a three-dimensional Riemannian ...

Computational learning models are critical for understanding mechanisms of adaptive behavior. However, the two major current frameworks, reinforcement learning (RL) and Bayesian learning, both have ...